Fez

Fez is among the best known cities in medieval Jewish history. Indeed, it was one the home of one of the most influential Talmudicscholars of all times, Rabbi Isaac Alfasi, as well as of Maimonides in the years 1160 to 1165…
Fez was founded by Idriss I in the eighth century. His goal was to convert all his subjects to Islam, but his son and successor was more tolerant. Under Idriss II, the fledgling city expanded and Idriss surrounded the left bank with walls. After his death, further development was delayed until the 11th century when Prince Youseff Ibn Tachfine united both halves of the city and built a wall around Fez. This security inaugurated a prolonged period of prosperity that would peak in the 14th century under the reign of the Merinides Dynasty.

In contrast with the young Mellah of Casablanca, the mellah of Fez is over 650 years old. This picturesque neighborhood adjoins the royal palace, noted for its recently constructed bright brass doors. Jews took shelter in this palace during the 1912 pogrom.

The nearby cemetery contains the tombs of more Jewish saints than any other cemetery in Morocco. One of the more important saints is Lalla Solica, who was killed for refusing to convert to Islam.  This woman was born in Tangier in 1817. At the age of 16, she was courted by a Muslim man, but refused to marry him.  To force her hand, the man went to the caid, the local government official.  The man told the caid that Solica could not refuse his offer of marriage because she was no longer Jewish, having converted to Islam of her own free will. When called before the caid, she refused to acknowledge having converted. The Sultan called her to Fez, where she again denied her conversion.  As a result, she was condemned to death for apostasy and killed in 1834.

Throughout the old city of Fez, there are traces of ancient Jewish life, including the home of Maimonides, who lived in the city from 1159-1165.  Suffering from the persecutions of the Almohad dynasty, Maimonides emigrated to escape forced conversion. 
In the face of a declining population, the Jewish community of Fez is working hard to maintain its community spirit and preserve its heritage and traditions. The community center, Centre Communautaire "Maimonide," is one of the most well organized in Morocco, with a kosher restaurant and modern synagogue on the premises.  The restaurant sometimes has available mahia, or home-made l'eau de vie, the anise-flavored alcoholic drink for which Moroccan Jews are well-known.  The Center was created in the early 1980's in a building housing a Talmud Torah synagogue and school.
Also in the old city is the mausoleum of Moulay Idriss II, the founder of Fez in the ninth century.  His father, Idriss I, fought the Jews to establish the first Muslim State in Morocco.  Idriss II, however, encouraged the Jews to move to Fez, so the city could benefit from their skills and finances.